Verses
383. Strive vigorously, cut off the stream of craving, drive away sensual desires, O holy one! Knowing the destruction of all conditioned things, you will become a knower of the Unconditioned (Nibbāna), O Brahmin!
Verse 1
384. When the holy seeker has gone beyond in two qualities (Samatha and Vipassanā / calm and insight), then all his fetters come to an end through knowing.
Verse 2
385. For whom there is neither the farther shore (external sense objects) nor the near shore (internal sense organs), nor both; who is free from distress and utterly detached—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 3
386. Meditative, stainless, seated in serenity, who has done what was to be done, free from mental defilements, having attained the supreme spiritual goal—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 4
387. The sun shines by day; the moon illuminates the night; the warrior king shines in his armor; the meditating sage shines in absorption; but all day and all night, the Awakened Buddha shines in radiant spiritual glory.
Verse 5
388. Because he has barred all evil, he is called a Brahmin; because he walks in serene tranquility, he is called a samaṇa; and because he has driven out his own impurities, he is called a pabbajita (renunciant).
Verse 6
389. One should never strike a holy Brahmin, nor should a holy Brahmin ever release wrath against his attacker. Shame on him who strikes a Brahmin, and even more shame on him who releases anger in return!
Verse 7
390. It is of no small advantage to a Brahmin when he holds back his mind from cherished pleasures. As fast as the mind to harm is turned away, so fast does suffering subside.
Verse 8
391. By whom no evil is done through body, speech, or mind; who is restrained in these three portals—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 9
392. From whomsoever one learns the Dhamma expounded by the Fully Enlightened One, let one revere that teacher with utmost devotion, as a sacrificial Brahmin reveres the sacred fire.
Verse 10
393. Not by matted hair, nor by lineage, nor by caste birth does one become a Brahmin. In whom there is truth and Dhamma, he is pure, he is a true Brahmin!
Verse 11
394. What is the use of your matted hair, O foolish man? What is the use of your antelope-skin robe? Within you is a tangled thicket of defilements, yet you groom only your outside!
Verse 12
395. The person who wears rag-robes gathered from dust heaps, lean, with veins showing all over his body, who meditates alone in the forest—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 13
396. I do not call a person a Brahmin simply because he is born of a Brahmin mother or lineage. He is merely an arrogant addresser ('bho-sayer') if he has worldly possessions and attachments. But him who possesses nothing and clings to nothing—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 14
397. Having cut off all fetters, he who trembles not in fear; who has transcended all attachments and is utterly unbound—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 15
398. Having cut the strap (hatred), the thong (craving), the rope (sixty-two wrong views) along with the bridle (dormant defilements), and having lifted the cross-bar (ignorance)—the Awakened One—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 16
399. He who, without anger, endures abuse, beatings, and imprisonment; whose armed host is patience, and whose power is spiritual forbearance—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 17
400. He who is free from anger, observant of spiritual duties, virtuous, free from pride, fully tamed, and bearing his final physical body—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 18
401. Like water on a lotus leaf, like a mustard seed on the sharp point of an awl, he who does not cling to sensual pleasures—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 19
402. He who understands right here in this world the destruction of his own suffering, who has laid down the heavy burden and is completely unbound—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 20
403. He of profound wisdom, intelligent, skilled in discerning the right path from the wrong path, who has attained the supreme spiritual goal—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 21
404. Not mingling with householders, nor with the homeless mendicants, wandering without fixed abode and of few wants—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 22
405. He who has laid aside the rod toward all living beings, both the frail and the strong; who neither kills nor causes anyone to kill—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 23
406. Friendly among the hostile, peaceful among the violent, unattached among those who cling fiercely—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 24
407. In whom lust, hatred, pride, and deceit have dropped away like a tiny mustard seed falling off the tip of an awl—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 25
408. He who utters words that are gentle, instructive, truthful, and by which he offends no one—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 26
409. Whoever in this world takes nothing that is not given, whether long or short, small or large, beautiful or ugly—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 27
410. For whom there are no longings, either in this world or in the world beyond; who is desireless and utterly detached—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 28
411. For whom there are no lingering attachments, who through direct knowledge is free from all doubts, who has plunged into the Deathless (Nibbāna)—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 29
412. Whoever in this world has transcended the clinging bonds of both merit and demerit; who is sorrowless, stainless, and utterly pure—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 30
413. Spotless and pure like the moon, serene and undisturbed, in whom delight in rebirth has been utterly destroyed—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 31
414. He who has crossed over this quagmire, this difficult path of samsara and delusion; who has crossed over to the farther shore, meditative, unperturbed, free from doubt, cooled through non-clinging—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 32
415. Whoever in this world, having abandoned all sensual pleasures, wanders as a homeless ascetic; in whom all sensual becoming has been utterly eradicated—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 33
416. Whoever in this world, having abandoned all craving, wanders as a homeless ascetic; in whom craving and becoming have been utterly eradicated—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 34
417. Having abandoned human bonds, he has transcended even heavenly bonds; uncoupled from all bonds whatsoever—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 35
418. Having abandoned both sensory delight and discontent, cooled, substrate-free, the heroic conqueror of all the worlds—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 36
419. He who knows in every detail the death and rebirth of beings, unattached, the Well-Gone (Sugata), the Awakened One (Buddha)—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 37
420. Whose spiritual destination neither gods, nor heavenly musicians (gandhabbas), nor humans can trace; whose mental defilements are fully destroyed, the worthy Arahant—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 38
421. For whom there is nothing held dear either in the past, in the future, or in the present; who owns nothing and clings to nothing—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 39
422. The noble bull among men, the supreme hero, the great Seer, the conqueror of Māra, free from lust, fully cleansed in the holy waters of Dhamma, the Awakened One—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 40
423. He who knows his previous existences, who beholds heaven and the woeful planes of suffering, who has reached the total destruction of rebirth, a sage perfected in higher transcendental knowledge, who has completed all that has to be completed—him I call a true Brahmin.
Verse 41
Background
This chapter belongs to the Pali Dhammapada (Khuddaka Nikaya, Pali Canon), Brāhmaṇa Vagga, verses 383–423. Delivered across Jetavana in Sāvatthi and Veluvana in Rājagaha, these verses addressed proud Vedic priests, ascetics practicing harsh mortifications, and monks who had realized the supreme fruit of Arahatship. Verse 383 was spoken to a Brahmin devotee urging him to strive with vigor to cut the stream of craving. Verse 387 was spoken when King Pasenadi attended the monastery at sunset wearing radiant royal robes, while Venerable Kāludāyī sat in deep meditation radiating golden light, prompting the Buddha to reveal that an Awakened Buddha outshines the sun by day, the moon by night, and all kings and ascetics throughout day and night. Verses 393–394 unmasked hypocrites who grew matted hair and wore deer skins while harboring inner defilements. The closing verses (420–423) summarize the three higher knowledges (Tevijjā) of the Buddha.
About this Text
Composed by: Gautama Buddha · Founder of Buddhism · c. 5th–6th century BCE, Northern India/Nepal
Born Siddhartha Gautama in Lumbini, he attained enlightenment and spent the rest of his life teaching the Dhamma across northern India. His discourses (Suttas), preserved orally for generations before being written down in the Pali Canon, form the doctrinal foundation of Buddhism.
Did You Know?
Not by Birth or Lineage (Verse 393)
Not by matted hair, nor by clan lineage, nor by birth of mother's womb does one become a true Brahmin. In whom there is truth and Dhamma—he is pure, he is a true Brahmin!
Inner Jungle vs Outer Washing (Verse 394)
What is the use of your matted hair, O foolish man? What is the use of your antelopeskin garment? Within you is a tangled jungle of defilements, yet you polish only the exterior!
The Four Radiations and the Buddha (Verse 387)
The sun shines by day; the moon illuminates the night; the warrior shines clad in armor; the meditating sage shines in absorption; but radiant throughout both day and night, the Awakened Buddha shines in supreme glory.
The Mustard Seed on an Awl-Point (Verses 401 & 407)
Like water slipping off a lotus leaf, like a tiny mustard seed sliding off the sharp point of an awl—he who does not cling to sensory desires, whose lust, hatred, and pride have fallen away, him I call a true Brahmin.
The Climax of Wisdom (Verses 422–423)
The noble, supreme hero, the great Seer, the conqueror of Māra, passionless, cleansed, awakened; who knows his past births, sees heavens and realms of woe, and has achieved the destruction of all future rebirths—him I call a true Brahmin!
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